{
  "name": "Unbonded Archive catalogue of sources on bonded labour in Nepal",
  "version": "2026-10-17",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
  "url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/research/",
  "recordCount": 61,
  "fields": {
    "record_id": "Persistent identifier (SRC-###). Never reused; retired records redirect to the record that replaced them.",
    "title": "Title as published.",
    "author": "Author(s) or issuing organisation, as recorded.",
    "year": "Year of publication. Blank where the source gives none.",
    "method_type": "Controlled category: Survey / quantitative; Qualitative / mixed methods; Assessment / evaluation; Law / policy document; Descriptive / advocacy; Unspecified.",
    "methodology": "Method as described in the source.",
    "study_population": "Population the source describes.",
    "geography": "Places the evidence covers, as specific as the source allows.",
    "sample_size": "Sample as reported. \"Not reported\" where the source gives none.",
    "labour_systems": "Labour systems covered (controlled list), separated by \"; \".",
    "themes": "Themes (controlled list), separated by \"; \".",
    "findings": "Findings recorded by the cataloguing team, paraphrased from the source and separated by \" | \". Not a substitute for reading the source.",
    "repository_note": "Cataloguer's note on limits, gaps or context.",
    "citation": "Citation of the original source, as catalogued.",
    "original_url": "Link to the original document or publisher page.",
    "metadata_status": "\"Complete metadata\", or \"Partial metadata\" where a core field was missing from the source workbook.",
    "record_url": "The record's page on unbondedarchive.org."
  },
  "records": [
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-001",
      "title": "Factors Associated with Underweight among Children of Former-Kamaiyas in Nepal",
      "author": "Khatri, R.B., Mishra, S.R., Khanal, V., & Choulagai, B.",
      "year": 2015,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Cross-sectional survey & anthropometric measurement",
      "study_population": "Former-Kamaiya children (under 5) and mothers",
      "geography": "Kohalpur VDC, Banke District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "280 mother–child pairs",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Among children of former-Kamaiya families in Banke district, 41.4% were underweight, 55.7% stunted, and 18.6% wasted — rates exceeding national and regional averages. Female sex, infrequent bathing, and younger maternal age (<24 years) were significantly associated with higher odds of underweight status."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Confounding factors unexamined; small sample size",
      "citation": "Khatri, R. B., Mishra, S. R., Khanal, V., & Choulagai, B. (2015). Factors associated with underweight among children of former-Kamaiyas in Nepal. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00011",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00011",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-001/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-002",
      "title": "Forced Labour of Adults and Children in the Agriculture Sector of Nepal: Focusing on Haruwa-Charuwa in Eastern Tarai and Haliya in Far-Western Hills",
      "author": "International Labour Organization (ILO)",
      "year": 2013,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Mixed methods — qualitative phase (FGDs, key informant interviews) followed by a quantitative phase (three-stage stratified household survey)",
      "study_population": "Haruwa-Charuwa and Haliya households",
      "geography": "12 districts of Nepal — 7 central/eastern Tarai districts and 5 far-western hill districts",
      "sample_size": "6,295 households interviewed (2,060 target group, 4,235 control group), across 216 VDCs",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya",
        "Haruwa-Charuwa",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "12% of surveyed households were affected by forced labour, rising to 94% among Haruwa-Charuwa and Haliya households versus 5% in the control group. Forced labour was linked to landlessness, food insecurity, low literacy, and exploitative loan terms."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Rehabilitation implementation gaps",
      "citation": "Kumar KC, B., Subedi, G., & Suwal, B. R. (2013). Forced labour of adults and children in the agriculture sector of Nepal: Focusing on Haruwa-Charuwa in eastern Tarai and Haliya in far-western hills. International Labour Organization.",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40asia/%40ro-bangkok/%40ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_217086.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-002/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-003",
      "title": "From liberation to livelihood",
      "author": "The Freedom Fund",
      "year": 2024,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "mixed-methods study",
      "study_population": "Haliya / Kamaiya / Haruwa-Charuwa",
      "geography": "Districts of Bardiya, Kanchanpur and Saptari",
      "sample_size": "451 households",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Haruwa-Charuwa"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The Report survey indicates that most of the kamaiya households have better financial security due to the utilization of productive lands, cash, and loans they received for investment purposes to generate diversified livelihoods.",
        "Saptari has witnessed a significant decline in bonded labour from approximately 38.4% of households in 2017 to 21.3% in 2022."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Freedom Fund. (2024). From liberation to livelihood. https://www.freedomfund.org/news/from-liberation-to-livelihood/",
      "original_url": "https://www.freedomfund.org/news/from-liberation-to-livelihood/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-003/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-004",
      "title": "Harawa-Charawa, the Bonded Laborers in Agriculture: A Study of Three Municipalities of Dhanusha District in Eastern Terai",
      "author": "Community Self-Reliance Centre (CSRC)",
      "year": 2020,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Household survey; Participatory research; Stakeholder workshop; Questionnaire survey; Pre-testing; Participant observation; Interviews; Informal conversations",
      "study_population": "Harawa-Charawa households",
      "geography": "Eastern Terai; Dhanusha District; Dhanauji Rural Municipality; Ganeshman-Charnath Municipality; Shahidnagar Municipality",
      "sample_size": "3,636 Harawa-Charawa households",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haruwa-Charuwa"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The study identified 3,636 Harawa-Charawa households across three municipalities of Dhanusha District and found that most remain landless, indebted, and dependent on exploitative agricultural labour. It concludes that caste-based exclusion, insecure livelihoods, and limited access to land and public services continue to sustain the Harawa-Charawa system despite legal protections."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Limited to one district, reducing national generalizability.",
      "citation": "Dhakal, S., Karki, K., & Shrestha, S. (2020). Harawa-Charawa, the bonded laborers in agriculture: A study of three municipalities of Dhanusha District in Eastern Terai. Community Self-Reliance Centre (CSRC). ISBN 978-9937-8420-2-0.",
      "original_url": "https://csrcnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Harawa-Charawa-the-Bonded-Laborers-in-Agriculture.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-004/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-005",
      "title": "Kamlahari Movement in Nepal: Expanding Opportunities, Uncertain Achievements",
      "author": "Mahendra Sapkota",
      "year": 2018,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Qualitative study; Narrative analysis; Primary and secondary sources",
      "study_population": "Kamlahari girls; Tharu community; Former Kamlahari",
      "geography": "Nepal; Western Tarai; Mid-western Tarai",
      "sample_size": "Not specified",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamlari"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The paper argues that although the Kamlahari movement achieved the formal abolition of the Kamlahari system in 2013, rehabilitation, education, livelihood support, and long-term reintegration remain incomplete. It contends that legal freedom has not translated into sustained socioeconomic empowerment because policy implementation and institutional support have been inconsistent."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Lacks empirical evidence on long-term rehabilitation outcomes of freed Kamlahari.",
      "citation": "Sapkota, M. (2018). Kamlahari movement in Nepal: Expanding opportunities, uncertain achievements. Journal of Development Policy, Research & Practice, 2(1), 25–47. ISSN 2522-3410.",
      "original_url": "https://sdpi.org/sdpiweb/publications/files/SDPI_JOURNAL%28jan-dec%202018%29.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-005/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-006",
      "title": "Nepal: tackling bonded labour",
      "author": "Anti-Slavery International",
      "year": null,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Descriptive report",
      "study_population": "Haliya",
      "geography": "Hill districts (far western region)",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The report claims that the rehabilitation target of the government is less effective as Haliya communities aren't aware of their rights, no access to formal education, and a lack of women empowerment, along with poor organising skills, to participate in rehabilitation process."
      ],
      "repository_note": "No publication year/ sample size",
      "citation": "Anti-Slavery International. (n.d.). Nepal: Tackling bonded labour. https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/nepal-bonded-labour/",
      "original_url": "https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/nepal-bonded-labour/",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-006/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-007",
      "title": "Freedom for 20,000 people as Nepal abolishes bonded labour practice",
      "author": "Anti-Slavery International",
      "year": 2008,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Descriptive Report",
      "study_population": "Haliya",
      "geography": "Western hills of Nepal",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The report urges the government to design an effective legal framework & regularly monitor the implementation of the rehabilitation process."
      ],
      "repository_note": "No sample size",
      "citation": "Anti-Slavery International. (2008). Freedom for 20,000 people as Nepal abolishes bonded labour practice. https://www.antislavery.org/latest/freedom-20000-people-nepal-abolishes-bonded-labour-practice/",
      "original_url": "https://www.antislavery.org/latest/freedom-20000-people-nepal-abolishes-bonded-labour-practice/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-007/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-008",
      "title": "Fighting bonded labour in Nepal",
      "author": "International Labour Organization (ILO)",
      "year": 2013,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Policy Brief",
      "study_population": "Haruwa-Charuwa",
      "geography": "Terai region",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haruwa-Charuwa",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Oral and written contracts called \"Laguwa\" between Haruwa-Charuwa and their employers often favour the landlords' agreements and their ways of exploitation. More than 45% of Haruwa-Charuwa do not even have contracts, giving their landlords the opportunity to impose their own employment terms, wages, and working conditions."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "International Labour Organization. (2013). Fighting bonded labour in Nepal. https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/fighting-bonded-labour-nepal",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/fighting-bonded-labour-nepal",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-008/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-009",
      "title": "The History of Kamlari in Nepal",
      "author": "Nepal Youth Foundation",
      "year": 2014,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Press kit fact sheet",
      "study_population": "Kamlari",
      "geography": "Western region",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamlari"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The report argues that the practice of sending daughters to work in the Kamlari system was often presented as a voluntary decision by parents, as it reduced the financial burden of supporting large families while also contributing to the household's annual income.",
        "Government of Nepal officially abolished the Kamlari system in 2013."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Nepal Youth Foundation. (2014). The History of Kamlari in Nepal. https://nepalyouthfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NYF-FactSheet-History_of_Kamlari-May2014.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://nepalyouthfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NYF-FactSheet-History_of_Kamlari-May2014.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-009/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-010",
      "title": "Harwa Charwa: The community waiting for Freedom",
      "author": "Community Self-Reliance Centre (CSRC)",
      "year": 2019,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Brochure",
      "study_population": "Haruwa-Charuwa",
      "geography": "Madhesh Province",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haruwa-Charuwa"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The Brochure recommends government to take pertinent steps for liberating Haruwa-Charuwa through adequate data collection of their situations as per the constitutional arrangement to plan out effective rehabilitation packages."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Community Self-Reliance Centre. (2019). Harwa Charwa: The community waiting for Freedom. https://csrcnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/HarwaCharwa_brochure_Eng.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://csrcnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/HarwaCharwa_brochure_Eng.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-010/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-011",
      "title": "Ending forced and child labour in Nepal’s brick industry",
      "author": "UNICEF",
      "year": 2021,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Survey",
      "study_population": "Brick Kiln Child Labour",
      "geography": "Rolpa, Rautahat, Dang, Kailali and Sarlahi",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Child labour",
        "Brick industry"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education",
        "Migration"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Lack of formation of trade unions and awareness of the current minimum wage rates & labour rights have made children more vulnerable to forced labour in brick kilns, internal and cross-border migrations.",
        "Children account for approximately 10% (17,738) of total workers"
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "UNICEF. (2021). Ending forced and child labour in Nepal’s brick industry. https://www.unicef.org/nepal/press-releases/ending-forced-and-child-labour-nepals-brick-industry-need-holistic-approach",
      "original_url": "https://www.unicef.org/nepal/press-releases/ending-forced-and-child-labour-nepals-brick-industry-need-holistic-approach",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-011/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-012",
      "title": "The Harawa-Charawa's liberation",
      "author": "The Freedom Fund",
      "year": 2023,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Interview/ Documentary",
      "study_population": "Harawa-Charawa",
      "geography": "Madhesh Province",
      "sample_size": "2–3 (former Haruwa-Charuwa workers)",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haruwa-Charuwa"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Despite the liberation of Harawa-Charawa, their six rehabilitation demands, including waived debts, access to productive land, shelter, alternative employment opportunities, access to formal education, and provision for basic needs, remain unfulfilled."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Interview with Haruwa-Charuwa Rights Forum Committee",
      "citation": "Freedom Fund. (2023). The Harawa-Charawa's liberation. https://www.freedomfund.org/hotspot/nepal/",
      "original_url": "https://www.freedomfund.org/hotspot/nepal/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-012/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-013",
      "title": "The Kamaiya Movement",
      "author": "Tharu Cultural Museum",
      "year": null,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Descriptive Report",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya",
      "geography": "Nepal’s western region (Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, and Kanchanpur)",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Migration"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The report claims that forest clearing, land expansion, malaria eradication, and migration from hill regions led Kamaiya households lose their traditional land and ownership because of no land registration documents & limited awareness of government procedures.",
        "By the end of February 2016, thousands of ex-Kamaiya families had received land or rehabilitation support."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Tharu Cultural Museum. (n.d.). The Kamaiya Movement. https://tharuculturalmuseum.org/the-kamaiya-movement/",
      "original_url": "https://tharuculturalmuseum.org/the-kamaiya-movement/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-013/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-014",
      "title": "Bonded Labour Practice in Nepal: The Promise of Education as a Magnet of Child Bondedness",
      "author": "Birendra Raj Giri",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Detailed fieldwork",
      "study_population": "Haliya and Kamaiya child workers and their employers",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Giri, B. R. (2010). Bonded labour practice in Nepal: The promise of education as a magnet of child bondedness. South Asia Research, 30(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/026272801003000203",
      "original_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272801003000203",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-014/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-015",
      "title": "The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Perspectives of Haliya and Kamaiya Child Workers",
      "author": "Birendra Giri",
      "year": 2009,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "In-depth fieldwork over one year",
      "study_population": "Haliya child workers (Musahar, Morang) and Kamaiya child workers (Tharu, Bardiya)",
      "geography": "Morang and Bardiya districts, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Giri, B. (2009). The bonded labour system in Nepal: Perspectives of Haliya and Kamaiya child workers. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44(6), 599–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909609343414",
      "original_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021909609343414",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-015/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-016",
      "title": "Haliya and Kamaiya Bonded Child Labourers in Nepal",
      "author": "Birendra Raj Giri",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Giri, B. R. (2010). Haliya and Kamaiya bonded child labourers in Nepal. In G. Craig (Ed.), Child slavery now: A contemporary reader (Chapter 14, pp. 227–242).",
      "original_url": "https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/21116/chapter/180718418",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-016/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-017",
      "title": "Child Slavery Now: A Contemporary Reader",
      "author": "Gary Craig (ed.)",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Craig, G. (Ed.). (2010). Child slavery now: A contemporary reader.",
      "original_url": "https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/21116",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-017/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-018",
      "title": "Bonded Servitude to Freedom: Education as an Apparatus for the Empowerment of Bonded Slave Kamlari Girls of Nepal",
      "author": "Bhakta Bahadur Basnet",
      "year": 2018,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamlari"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Basnet, B. B. (2018). Bonded servitude to freedom: Education as an apparatus for the empowerment of bonded slave Kamlari girls of Nepal [Conference paper].",
      "original_url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327365116_Bonded_Servitude_to_Freedom_Education_as_an_Apparatus_for_the_Empowerment_of_Bonded_Slave_Kamlari_Girls_of_Nepal",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-018/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-019",
      "title": "Kamaiya Freedom Movement",
      "author": "Backward Society Education (BASE)",
      "year": null,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Descriptive report",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya / Kamlari",
      "geography": "Western Terai region",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Kamlari",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Child labour & education",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Shows how BASE used night schools and youth groups to teach Kamaiya and Kamlari communities their rights, helping them build local power to demand freedom.",
        "Points out that government land distribution for freed Kamaiyas was too slow and inadequate, leaving liberated families without shelter or farm plots.",
        "Argues that legal ban on bonded labor fails unless matched with long-term skill training, fair wages, and sustained economic safety nets."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Doesn't show actual numbers for how many people took the night classes or learned to read.",
      "citation": "Backward Society Education (BASE). (n.d.). Kamaiya freedom movement [Historical record/page].",
      "original_url": "https://nepalbase.org/freedom-movement/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-019/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-020",
      "title": "Forced and Bonded Labour in Nepal: Information on Nepal—Compliance with ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour",
      "author": "Anti-Slavery International",
      "year": 2009,
      "method_type": "Descriptive / advocacy",
      "methodology": "Descriptive report",
      "study_population": "Haliya",
      "geography": "Western hills of Nepal",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Gender & social exclusion",
        "Migration"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "This report claims that the haliya system, in which indebted labourers receive little or no pay for agricultural and domestic work performed for their landlords, are required to provide a substitute or face wage deductions if unable to work, are typically permitted to migrate seasonally to India while remaining obligated to their landlords, and are drawn disproportionately from low caste or minority ethnic groups, with women and girls increasingly becoming bonded in their own right."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Anti-Slavery International. (July 2009). Forced and bonded labour in Nepal: Information on Nepal—Compliance with ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour.",
      "original_url": "https://idsn.org/wp-content/uploads/user_folder/pdf/New_files/Nepal/Forced_and_bonded_labour_in_Nepal__-__ASI_July_2009.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-020/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-021",
      "title": "A Good Practice on Haliya Rights Movement in Nepal",
      "author": "Ganesh B.K., Chairperson, RDN Nepal",
      "year": null,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Not specified",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya and haliya bonded labourers",
      "geography": "Not specified",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Nepal has ratified key ILO conventions on forced labour, indigenous rights, and child labour. Its Interim Constitution bans slavery/serfdom and commits to land and social security for bonded labourers. The 2002 Act freed kamaiyas, voided their debts, and set penalties and rehabilitation support. In 2008, the government announced abolition of the haliya system, but implementation details remained pending."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "B.K., G. (n.d.). A good practice on Haliya rights movement in Nepal. RDN Nepal.",
      "original_url": "https://idsn.org/wp-content/uploads/user_folder/pdf/New_files/IDSN/Consultations/Cases/Haliya_issues_in_Nepal-RDN_Nepal.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-021/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-022",
      "title": "Breaking bonded labour and gender roles in Nepal",
      "author": "International Labour Organization",
      "year": 2018,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Not specified",
      "study_population": "Freed Kamaiya bonded labourers particularly women , in far-western Nepal",
      "geography": "Not specified",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The Kamaiya system was informal bonded agricultural labour involving payment-in-kind and debt bondage that could persist across generations. It was abolished in 2002, with freed families given small plots of land (2–5 kattha), insufficient for subsistence farming. Rehabilitation remains incomplete due to limited rural employment. The ILO's Bridge project (funded by the US Department of Labor) provides skills training and job placement to former bonded labourers, showing notably high female participation in non-traditional trades like carpentry and masonry."
      ],
      "repository_note": "The ILO article dates the abolition of the Kamaiya system to 2002, the year of the Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act. The government declared the system illegal on 17 July 2000 (see the timeline).",
      "citation": "International Labour Organization. (2018, March 20). Breaking bonded labour and gender roles in Nepal.",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/breaking-bonded-labour-and-gender-roles-nepal",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-022/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-023",
      "title": "Annual Report 2016",
      "author": "Backward Society Education (BASE)",
      "year": 2016,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Not specified",
      "study_population": "Ex-Kamaiya and Kamlari",
      "geography": "17 districts of the Mid and Far West regions of Nepal",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Kamlari"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Historically, BASE's movement resulted in the freedom of 32,509 Kamaiya bonded laborers, of which 27,570 have received land from the government."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Highlights that while slavery systems (Kamaiya/Kamlahari) are abolished, the government has yet to fulfill their basic necessities and meaningful rehabilitation.",
      "citation": "Backward Society Education (BASE). (2016). Annual report 2016.",
      "original_url": "https://nepalbase.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Annual-Report-2016.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-023/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-024",
      "title": "Nepal Child Labour Report 2021",
      "author": "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal, and International Labour Organization",
      "year": 2021,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Descriptive and empirical analysis (bivariate probit model) using a two-stage stratified sampling design",
      "study_population": "Haliya, Kamaiya and Kamlaris",
      "geography": "National and Provincial",
      "sample_size": "Based on the Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) 2017/18, representative of 18,000 households",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Kamlari",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "1.1 million children (15.3%) were involved in child labour in 2018, a decline from 1.6 million in 2008. 87% of child labour is in the agriculture sector."
      ],
      "repository_note": "The report does not capture certain at-risk categories such as street children, children in prostitution, or those in bonded labour not residing in a typical household.",
      "citation": "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal, & International Labour Organization. (2021, April 29). Nepal child labour report 2021.",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40asia/%40ro-bangkok/%40ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_784225.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-024/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-026",
      "title": "Rehabilitation Status",
      "author": "Backward Society Education (BASE)",
      "year": null,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Identification of categories of Kamaiya families and longitudinal observation across three specific years",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya",
      "geography": "Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, and Kanchanpur",
      "sample_size": "32,509 Kamaiya families",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "There was a visible increase in identified Kamaiya families in the years following emancipation (from 15,152 in 1995 to 32,509 in 2002)"
      ],
      "repository_note": "Note the \"visible increase\" in families following emancipation, suggesting identification improved or new families fell into the system",
      "citation": "Backward Society Education (BASE). (n.d.). Rehabilitation status.",
      "original_url": "https://nepalbase.org/rehabilitation-status/",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-026/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-027",
      "title": "Situation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Freed Haliyas in Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal (ESCR Yearbook 2022)",
      "author": "Felm",
      "year": 2023,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Empirical study using citizen-led monitoring via the \"ESCR Mobile App\" (Kobo Toolbox), fact-finding missions, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and case collection through referral help desks",
      "study_population": "Freed Haliyas, with a special focus on women and persons with disabilities (PwDs)",
      "geography": "15 Municipalities across 5 districts of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal (Kanchanpur, Doti, Dadeldhura, Baitadi, and Bajhang)",
      "sample_size": "7,982 rights holders (households) and 211 duty bearers",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "97% of freed Haliyas are from Dalit communities. Only 10% of respondents have received the full rehabilitation package. 17% of men and 9% of women willingly or unwillingly remain in the Haliya system due to economic compulsion."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Government records of Haliyas are often inaccurate because collectors haphazardly gather names without visiting houses, and Haliyas sometimes hide their identities for fear of former landlords.",
      "citation": "Felm Nepal. (2023, March 27). Situation of economic, social and cultural rights of freed Haliyas in Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal (ESCR Yearbook 2022).",
      "original_url": "https://felmnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ESCR-Yearbook-2022.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-027/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-028",
      "title": "Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council for the 37th Session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Nepal",
      "author": "LWF Nepal, Felm, FCA, LCWS, CAHURAST, RMHSF, SUS",
      "year": 2020,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Consultations, FGDs, semi-structured interviews, and secondary data analysis of government and human rights priorities",
      "study_population": "Marginalized groups including Kamaiyas, Haliyas, Kamlaris, Dalits, Santhals, and PwDs",
      "geography": "Nepal",
      "sample_size": "3,841 respondents (2,395 women, 1,445 men) and 120 duty bearers",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Kamlari"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "97% of freed Haliyas are from Dalit groups. Freed Haliyas face severe abuse, including beatings, forced starvation, and humiliation as punishment."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Recommends a national survey to ensure all freed Haliyas are registered and have access to land and housing where they have resided for the last 10 years.",
      "citation": "Joint Submission No. 29. (2020). Joint submission to the Human Rights Council for the 37th session of the Universal Periodic Review: Nepal.",
      "original_url": "https://upr-info.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-08/js29_upr37_npl_e_main.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-028/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-029",
      "title": "Bonded labour among child workers of the Kamaiya system: A rapid assessment",
      "author": "International Labour Organization",
      "year": 2001,
      "method_type": "Assessment / evaluation",
      "methodology": "Rapid assessment",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya households and wage child labourers aged 5-18",
      "geography": "Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts, mid- and far-western Terai, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "650 Kamaiya households; 240 wage child labourers",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Wage child labour incidence among Kamaiya families was 30%, compared with the 4.4% rural Nepal average cited in the report.",
        "Child labour was linked to landlessness, poverty/indebtedness, parental labour relationships, and land contracts."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Sharma, S., Basnyat, B., & Ganesh, G. C. (2001). Bonded labour among child workers of the Kamaiya system: A rapid assessment. International Labour Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. https://un.info.np/Net/NeoDocs/View/3564",
      "original_url": "https://un.info.np/Net/NeoDocs/View/3564",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-029/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-030",
      "title": "The Kamaiya system of bonded labour in Nepal",
      "author": "World Organisation Against Torture",
      "year": 2006,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "Case study",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya bonded labourers and freed Kamaiya communities",
      "geography": "Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur, and Dang districts, mid- and far-western Nepal",
      "sample_size": "10 Kamaiyas interviewed in November 2004 for post-freedom assessment",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Legal abolition did not deliver substantive freedom because rehabilitation and alternative livelihoods remained unresolved.",
        "The ban did not address structurally unequal agrarian relations, so gains could relapse."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "World Organisation Against Torture. (2006). The Kamaiya system of bonded labour in Nepal. https://www.omct.org/files/interdisciplinary-study/ii_b_3_nepal_case_study.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://www.omct.org/files/interdisciplinary-study/ii_b_3_nepal_case_study.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-030/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-031",
      "title": "The Bonded Labor System in Nepal: Exploring Halia and Kamaiya Children's Life-worlds",
      "author": "Birendra R. Giri",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Qualitative study",
      "study_population": "Musahar and Tharu haliya/kamaiya children",
      "geography": "Bayibab village, Morang district, and Nayajib settlement, Bardiya district, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "More than 50 children discussed; over 30 studied in depth",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Generational family-based haliya/kamaiya agreements increasingly shifted work toward children.",
        "Parents received in-kind income, loans, and adhiya land; promises of education helped parents and kisan continue child haliya/kamaiya contracts."
      ],
      "repository_note": "In-kind income, loans, adhiya land, and promises of education enabled child substitution after adult bonded labour became harder to hire.",
      "citation": "Giri, B. R. (2010). The bonded labor system in Nepal: Exploring Halia and Kamaiya children's life-worlds. HIMALAYA, 29(1), 29–41.",
      "original_url": "https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol29/iss1/3/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-031/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-032",
      "title": "Bonded Labour in Nepal: Life and Work of Children in Communities",
      "author": "Birendra Raj Giri",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Semi-structured interviews and group discussions using child-friendly techniques",
      "study_population": "Haliya/kamaiya children aged 8-16 from Musahar and Tharu communities",
      "geography": "Bayibab and Nayajib settlements, Morang and Bardiya districts, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "58 haliya/kamaiya children",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Children increasingly took on activities previously carried out by parents after the 2000 ban.",
        "Participants defined their daily activities as bonded labour while also weighing the risks of leaving without education or vocational skills."
      ],
      "repository_note": "States that detailed research was almost non-existent, especially on haliya practices; recommends longer longitudinal and broader-location research.",
      "citation": "Giri, B. R. (2010). Bonded labour in Nepal: Life and work of children in communities [PhD thesis, The Open University].",
      "original_url": "https://oro.open.ac.uk/62018/1/13837675.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-032/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-033",
      "title": "Masculinity, modernity and bonded labour: Continuity and change amongst the Kamaiya of Kailali district, far-west Nepal",
      "author": "Maycock, Matthew William",
      "year": 2012,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "Ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and participant observation",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya men",
      "geography": "Kailali district, far-western Terai, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "6 Kamaiya men",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Men's gendered experiences of bondedness and freedom provide an illuminating perspective on transitions from bonded labour to freedom and modernity."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Maycock, M. W. (2012). Masculinity, modernity and bonded labour: Continuity and change amongst the Kamaiya of Kailali district, far-west Nepal [Doctoral thesis, University of East Anglia]. UEA Digital Repository. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/43782/",
      "original_url": "https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/43782/",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-033/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-034",
      "title": "Socio-Economic Status of Freed Bonded Labour (Mukta Kamaiya) in Nepal (A Case Study in Rajapur-4, Bardiya District)",
      "author": "Krishna Kumari Chaudhary",
      "year": 2013,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Descriptive and exploratory field survey, observation, and interviews",
      "study_population": "Mukta Kamaiya households",
      "geography": "Rajapur VDC ward 4, Bardiya district, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "99 households",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Very small landholdings led many Mukta Kamaiya households into daily labour.",
        "Wage labour was the occupation of 66.7% of respondents; Kamlahri child labour was still reported by 6% of households."
      ],
      "repository_note": "Single ward-level case study; the thesis states findings do not represent all Mukta Kamaiya communities.",
      "citation": "Chaudhary, K. K. (2013). Socio-economic status of freed bonded labour (Mukta Kamaiya) in Nepal: A case study in Rajapur-4, Bardiya District [MA thesis, Faculty of Rural Development, Tribhuvan University].",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/4149d300-d569-4678-9f1e-a9c62c856bfc",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-034/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-036",
      "title": "Report on employment relationship survey in the brick industry in Nepal",
      "author": "Central Bureau of Statistics, International Labour Organization, and UNICEF",
      "year": 2021,
      "method_type": "Survey / quantitative",
      "methodology": "Employment relationship survey",
      "study_population": "Brick-kiln manual workers, working family members, and children living in brick kilns",
      "geography": "Nepal, all seven provinces",
      "sample_size": "301 brick kilns; 4,210 units/households sampled",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Child labour",
        "Brick industry"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Among 176,373 manual workers including family members, 6,229 were in forced labour and 1,035 were in bonded labour.",
        "Among 34,593 children aged 5-17 living in brick kilns, 17,032 were identified as being in child labour."
      ],
      "repository_note": "States that no official statistics previously existed on forced labour, bonded labour, and child labour in the brick production sector.",
      "citation": "Central Bureau of Statistics, International Labour Organization, & UNICEF. (2021, January 29). Report on employment relationship survey in the brick industry in Nepal.",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40asia/%40ro-bangkok/%40ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_767621.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-036/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-037",
      "title": "Analysis of situation of the freed-Haliyas in Karnali Province of Nepal",
      "author": "International Labour Organization",
      "year": 2025,
      "method_type": "Assessment / evaluation",
      "methodology": "Assessment report",
      "study_population": "Freed-Haliya households and children aged 5-17 in verified/cardholder families",
      "geography": "Surkhet, Jajarkot, and Humla districts, Karnali Province, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "638 households; 900 children; 17 FGDs; 43 KIIs; 3 child-labour case studies",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Almost all ID-card-holding families received government rehabilitation support, but most did not receive the full package envisioned.",
        "About 358 of 900 children (39.8%) fell under child labour, higher than the national average cited in the report."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "International Labour Organization. (2025). Analysis of situation of the freed-Haliyas in Karnali Province of Nepal. https://www.ilo.org/publications/analysis-situation-freed-haliyas-karnali-province-nepal-0",
      "original_url": "https://www.ilo.org/publications/analysis-situation-freed-haliyas-karnali-province-nepal-0",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-037/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-038",
      "title": "Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act, 2058 (2002)",
      "author": "Government of Nepal",
      "year": 2002,
      "method_type": "Law / policy document",
      "methodology": "Legislation",
      "study_population": "Bonded labourers, freed bonded labourers, creditors, and agro-labourers",
      "geography": "Nepal",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Every person serving as a bonded labourer at commencement is freed.",
        "Employment as a bonded labourer is prohibited, bonded debts are not payable, debt deeds/agreements are void, and rehabilitation/monitoring structures are established."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Government of Nepal. (2002). Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act, 2058 (2002). https://daobanke.moha.gov.np/assets/23/bonded_labour_prohibition_act_2058_2002.pdf/file",
      "original_url": "https://daobanke.moha.gov.np/assets/23/bonded_labour_prohibition_act_2058_2002.pdf/file",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-038/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-039",
      "title": "Sustainable elimination of child bonded labour in Nepal - Phase II: External project review",
      "author": "International Labour Organization, IPEC",
      "year": 2009,
      "method_type": "Qualitative / mixed methods",
      "methodology": "External project review using document review, consultations, interviews, field visits, and a stakeholder workshop",
      "study_population": "Project implementers and decision makers for child bonded labour elimination activities",
      "geography": "Selected areas of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya, Banke, Dang, Saptari, Siraha, and Dhanusa districts, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "Implementation was considerably delayed by political change/unrest, government approval, baseline timing, and competitive action-programme selection.",
        "The review found an almost complete lack of indicators to assess progress toward objectives and recommended more regular field monitoring."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "International Labour Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. (2009). Sustainable elimination of child bonded labour in Nepal - Phase II: External project review. https://webapps.ilo.org/ievaldiscovery/files/file/183150",
      "original_url": "https://webapps.ilo.org/ievaldiscovery/files/file/183150",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-039/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-040",
      "title": "Concluding observations: Nepal",
      "author": "Committee on the Rights of the Child",
      "year": 2005,
      "method_type": "Law / policy document",
      "methodology": "UN treaty-body review",
      "study_population": "Children in Nepal, including Kamaiya children and Dalit haliya children",
      "geography": "Nepal; concern specifically mentions Western Nepal and the plains for haliya bonded labourers",
      "sample_size": "Not reported",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya",
        "Haliya",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Child labour & education",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [
        "The Committee was concerned that many Kamaiya children remained unreleased and continued to work as bonded labourers.",
        "It also noted reports of many thousands of Dalit haliya bonded labourers, including children, working in agriculture in Western Nepal and the plains."
      ],
      "repository_note": "",
      "citation": "Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2005). Concluding observations: Nepal (CRC/C/15/Add.261). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=n6SYWSKRT1G8NfG46B5IgWPIVRxsh9kdcwmChcXPiYMwrFUbi7akqGzNpp%2BBVTgMQ9ZG%2BAJTbsHvLsLCNWH3Zg%3D%3D",
      "original_url": "https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=n6SYWSKRT1G8NfG46B5IgWPIVRxsh9kdcwmChcXPiYMwrFUbi7akqGzNpp%2BBVTgMQ9ZG%2BAJTbsHvLsLCNWH3Zg%3D%3D",
      "metadata_status": "Complete metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-040/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-041",
      "title": "Changing Livelihood: A Study of Freed Bonded Labourer (Mukta Kamaiya) of Shivnagar Sivir, Tikapur-1, Kailali District",
      "author": "Sanjita Chaudhary",
      "year": 2022,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Freed Kamaiya (Mukta Kamaiya) households",
      "geography": "Shivnagar Sivir (camp), Tikapur-1, Kailali District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-015). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Chaudhary, S. (2022). Changing livelihood: A study of freed bonded labourer (Mukta Kamaiya) of Shivnagar Sivir, Tikapur-1, Kailali District [Master's thesis, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/dfbb1313-609b-4758-aa5d-be83acf19b53/download",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/dfbb1313-609b-4758-aa5d-be83acf19b53/download",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-041/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-042",
      "title": "A Market Analysis and Beneficiary Needs Assessment for a Livelihoods Support Programme for Haruwa-Charuwa in Siraha and Saptari Districts (Province 2)",
      "author": "Nabin Kumar Karna",
      "year": 2021,
      "method_type": "Assessment / evaluation",
      "methodology": "Market analysis and beneficiary needs assessment",
      "study_population": "Haruwa-Charuwa households",
      "geography": "Siraha and Saptari districts, Province 2 (Madhesh), Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Haruwa-Charuwa"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-017). Bibliographic details checked against the report cover on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Karna, N. K. (2021). A market analysis and beneficiary needs assessment for a livelihoods support programme for Haruwa-Charuwa in Siraha and Saptari districts (Province-2) [Report submitted to the Bridge Project, ILO Country Office for Nepal]. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/G11.%20Nepal_Market%20Assessment_Haruwa%20Charuwa.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/G11.%20Nepal_Market%20Assessment_Haruwa%20Charuwa.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-042/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-043",
      "title": "Curbing Precarious Informal Employment and Bonded Labour in the Agriculture Sector of Nepal: GEFONT's Initiative to Liberate Kamaiyas",
      "author": "Bishnu Rimal",
      "year": 2019,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Legal abolition & policy"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-028). Bibliographic details checked against the ILO working-paper record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The ILO catalogues the author as 'Vishṇu Rimāla', a transliteration of Bishnu Rimal.",
      "citation": "Rimal, B. (2019). Curbing precarious informal employment and bonded labour in the agriculture sector of Nepal: GEFONT's initiative to liberate Kamaiyas [Working paper]. International Labour Organization. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/iloilowps/995635831402676.htm",
      "original_url": "https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/iloilowps/995635831402676.htm",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-043/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-044",
      "title": "Study of Health and Sanitation Facility of Ex-Kamaiya in Rajapur and Dhadawar VDCs of Bardiya District",
      "author": "Ranju Gyawaly",
      "year": 2011,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Ex-Kamaiya households",
      "geography": "Rajapur and Dhadawar VDCs, Bardiya District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-031). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The online file holds only the preliminary pages.",
      "citation": "Gyawaly, R. (2011). Study of health and sanitation facility of ex-Kamaiya in Rajapur and Dhadawar VDCs of Bardiya District [Master's thesis, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/4166d3e6-d336-4883-b1d3-02be18b59af2/download",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/4166d3e6-d336-4883-b1d3-02be18b59af2/download",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-044/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-045",
      "title": "Hegemonic at Home and Subaltern Abroad: Kamaiya Masculinities and Changing Mobility in Nepal",
      "author": "Maycock, Matthew William",
      "year": 2017,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Kamaiya men",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Gender & social exclusion",
        "Migration"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-035). Bibliographic details checked against the publisher's DOI record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Maycock, M. W. (2017). Hegemonic at home and subaltern abroad: Kamaiya masculinities and changing mobility in Nepal. Gender, Place & Culture, 24(6), 812–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2015.1058761",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2015.1058761",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-045/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-046",
      "title": "A Trinity of Culture, Law and Politics: Legal Anthropology of the Bonded Labor System in Nepal",
      "author": "Upendra D. Acharya",
      "year": 2017,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-037). Bibliographic details checked against the publisher's record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. Book editors not yet recorded.",
      "citation": "Acharya, U. D. (2017). A trinity of culture, law and politics: Legal anthropology of the bonded labor system in Nepal. In Comparative law and anthropology (pp. 361–378). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955185.00025",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955185.00025",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-046/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-047",
      "title": "Unfree Labour after the Maoist Revolution in Western Nepal",
      "author": "Michael Hoffmann",
      "year": 2017,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "Western Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-038). Bibliographic details checked against the publisher's DOI record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Hoffmann, M. (2017). Unfree labour after the Maoist revolution in western Nepal. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 51(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966717697417",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966717697417",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-047/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-048",
      "title": "Problem Faced by Ex-Kamaiya Students in Learning Mathematics (A Case Study of Tharu Children in Kailali District)",
      "author": "Suresh Kumar Kathariya",
      "year": 2015,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Ex-Kamaiya (Tharu) students",
      "geography": "Kailali District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-044). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The online file holds only the preliminary pages.",
      "citation": "Kathariya, S. K. (2015). Problem faced by ex-Kamaiya students in learning mathematics (A case study of Tharu children in Kailali District) [Master's thesis, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/1a02e558-67d5-4e6c-891e-65b3218e30a7/download",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/1a02e558-67d5-4e6c-891e-65b3218e30a7/download",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-048/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-049",
      "title": "Liberation Induced Conflict: The Case of Kamaiya Emancipation in Nepal",
      "author": "Raju Thapa",
      "year": 2014,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Legal abolition & policy",
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-048). Bibliographic details checked against the journal issue on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Thapa, R. (2014). Liberation induced conflict: The case of Kamaiya emancipation in Nepal. Journal of Indian Research, 2(2), 113–124. http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.org/JIR%202-2/JIR2-2.pdf",
      "original_url": "http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.org/JIR%202-2/JIR2-2.pdf#page=121",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-049/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-050",
      "title": "Change in Socio-Economic Status of Ex-Kamaiyas after Liberation: A Case Study of Kattha Rehabilitation Sivir (Camp), Geta VDC, Kailali",
      "author": "Gyanendra Prasad Pandeya",
      "year": 2013,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Ex-Kamaiya households",
      "geography": "Kattha Rehabilitation Sivir (camp), Geta VDC, Kailali District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-054). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Pandeya, G. P. (2013). Change in socio-economic status of ex-Kamaiyas after liberation: A case study of Kattha Rehabilitation Sivir (camp), Geta VDC, Kailali [Master's thesis, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/95629bc9-f0dc-4ba3-bcbd-9a2e36651860/download",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstreams/95629bc9-f0dc-4ba3-bcbd-9a2e36651860/download",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-050/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-051",
      "title": "Socio-Economic and Livelihood Status of Freed Kamaiya (A Case Study of Suryapatuwa VDC, Bardiya District)",
      "author": "Sahadev Chaudhary",
      "year": 2012,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Freed Kamaiya households",
      "geography": "Suryapatuwa VDC, Bardiya District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Rehabilitation"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-062). Bibliographic details checked against the TU e-library record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Chaudhary, S. (2012). Socio-economic and livelihood status of freed Kamaiya (A case study of Suryapatuwa VDC, Bardiya District) [Thesis, Department of Population Studies, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/132d57c1-5330-4653-814f-dd34be8bf2c3",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/132d57c1-5330-4653-814f-dd34be8bf2c3",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-051/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-052",
      "title": "Kamaiyas in Nepal and the Role of Ex-Kamaiyas in the Development of Western Nepal",
      "author": "Pan-Suk Kim and Vikas Rawal",
      "year": 2012,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "Western Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-063). Bibliographic details checked against the journal's DBpia record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Kim, P.-S., & Rawal, V. (2012). Kamaiyas in Nepal and the role of ex-Kamaiyas in the development of western Nepal. South Asian Studies [남아시아연구], 18(2), 233–263. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02233982",
      "original_url": "https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02233982",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-052/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-053",
      "title": "Freed Bonded Labour in the Far Western Tarai",
      "author": "Narad Awasthi",
      "year": 2012,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "Far-western Tarai, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-064). Bibliographic details checked against the NepJOL record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Awasthi, N. (2012). Freed bonded labour in the far western Tarai. The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education, 11, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11527",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11527",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-053/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-054",
      "title": "Status of Tharu Girl Children in Kamalari System of Dang District in Nepal",
      "author": "Kopila Dangol",
      "year": 2010,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Tharu girls in the Kamlari system",
      "geography": "Dang District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamlari",
        "Child labour"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Child labour & education",
        "Gender & social exclusion"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-082). Bibliographic details checked against the TU e-library record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Dangol, K. (2010). Status of Tharu girl children in Kamalari system of Dang District in Nepal [Thesis, Department of Rural Development, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/c681d3ef-6447-49ff-a8e1-435726594152",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/c681d3ef-6447-49ff-a8e1-435726594152",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-054/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-055",
      "title": "An Assessment of Lifestyle Change among the Kamaiya after Liberation (A Case Study of Bankhet, Rajhena VDC of Banke)",
      "author": "Sharada Banstola",
      "year": 2009,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Freed Kamaiya households",
      "geography": "Bankhet, Rajhena VDC, Banke District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-088). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The online file holds only the preliminary pages.",
      "citation": "Banstola, S. (2009). An assessment of lifestyle change among the Kamaiya after liberation (A case study of Bankhet, Rajhena VDC of Banke) [Master's thesis, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University]. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/JQ99OgQIizUxyjI9nB0on9OyLkqsGIf4/api/core/bitstreams/f9fee4fc-8e9c-4022-921f-0dca3e5fa279/content",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/JQ99OgQIizUxyjI9nB0on9OyLkqsGIf4/api/core/bitstreams/f9fee4fc-8e9c-4022-921f-0dca3e5fa279/content",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-055/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-056",
      "title": "कैलाली टीकापुरका मुक्त थारु कमैयाहरुको शिक्षामा पहुँच कम हुनुमा समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन (A sociological study of the low access to education among freed Tharu Kamaiyas of Tikapur, Kailali)",
      "author": "Yagya Raj Gyawali",
      "year": 2007,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Freed Tharu Kamaiyas",
      "geography": "Tikapur, Kailali District, Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Child labour & education"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-099). Bibliographic details checked against the TU e-library record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. Written in Nepali; the English title is a translation.",
      "citation": "Gyawali, Y. R. (2007). Kailali Tikapurka mukta Tharu kamaiyaharuko shikshama pahunch kam hunuma samajshastriya adhyayan [A sociological study of the low access to education among freed Tharu Kamaiyas of Tikapur, Kailali] [Thesis, Tribhuvan University]. In Nepali. https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/5016bc4e-96f4-4f15-a6c9-f66f4fa50973",
      "original_url": "https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/items/5016bc4e-96f4-4f15-a6c9-f66f4fa50973",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-056/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-057",
      "title": "Is Bonded Labor Voluntary? Responses from Kamaiyas on Why They Chose to Stay",
      "author": "Espen Villanger",
      "year": 2007,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-100). Bibliographic details checked against the Chr. Michelsen Institute record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. Seminar slides, not a written paper.",
      "citation": "Villanger, E. (2007, January 18). Is bonded labor voluntary? Responses from Kamaiyas on why they chose to stay [Seminar presentation]. Lessons from the liberation of the Kamaiyas of Nepal, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway. https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2602-is-bonded-labor-voluntary.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2602-is-bonded-labor-voluntary.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-057/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-058",
      "title": "The Plight of the Tharu Kamaiyas in Nepal: A Review of the Social, Economic and Political Facets",
      "author": "Ram B. Chhetri",
      "year": 2005,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-105). Bibliographic details checked against the NepJOL record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Chhetri, R. B. (2005). The plight of the Tharu Kamaiyas in Nepal: A review of the social, economic and political facets. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology, 9, 22–46. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1134",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1134",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-058/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-059",
      "title": "Bonded Labour in South Asia: India, Nepal and Pakistan",
      "author": "Krishna Upadhyaya",
      "year": 2004,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "India, Nepal and Pakistan",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Legal abolition & policy"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-110). Bibliographic details checked against the publisher's DOI record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. Book editor not yet recorded.",
      "citation": "Upadhyaya, K. (2004). Bonded labour in South Asia: India, Nepal and Pakistan. In The political economy of new slavery (pp. 118–136). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403937865_8",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403937865_8",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-059/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-060",
      "title": "Examining a Rights Based Approach to the Development of the Ex-Kamaiyas of Western Nepal",
      "author": "Shiva Lal Sharma Bhusal",
      "year": 2004,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "Ex-Kamaiyas",
      "geography": "Western Nepal",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Rehabilitation",
        "Legal abolition & policy"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-111). Bibliographic details checked against the thesis title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The online file holds the title page and abstract only.",
      "citation": "Bhusal, S. L. S. (2004). Examining a rights based approach to the development of the ex-Kamaiyas of western Nepal [Master's thesis, Mahidol University]. http://mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd367/4537161.pdf",
      "original_url": "http://mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd367/4537161.pdf",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-060/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-061",
      "title": "Movements from Below: Land Rights Movement in Nepal",
      "author": "Arjun K. Karki",
      "year": 2002,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Cross-system / general"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-119). Bibliographic details checked against the publisher's DOI record on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Karki, A. K. (2002). Movements from below: Land rights movement in Nepal. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 3(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937022000000129",
      "original_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937022000000129",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-061/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-062",
      "title": "The Kamaiya System in Nepal",
      "author": "Shiva Sharma (with Devendra Chhetry, Manasa Thakurathi, Kumar Joshi, Avinendra Shrestha and R. S. Bista)",
      "year": 1998,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Forced labour & debt",
        "Land & livelihoods"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-141). Bibliographic details checked against the report title page on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original.",
      "citation": "Sharma, S., Chhetry, D., Thakurathi, M., Joshi, K., Shrestha, A., & Bista, R. S. (1998). The Kamaiya system in Nepal. International Labour Organization, South Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team. https://researchrepository.ilo.org/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=41ILO_INST&filePid=13117092780002676&download=true",
      "original_url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=41ILO_INST&filePid=13117092780002676&download=true",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-062/"
    },
    {
      "record_id": "SRC-063",
      "title": "Land Tenure and Kamaiya System in Nepal: A Historical Review",
      "author": "Padma Raj Lamichhane",
      "year": 2015,
      "method_type": "Unspecified",
      "methodology": "",
      "study_population": "",
      "geography": "",
      "sample_size": "",
      "labour_systems": [
        "Kamaiya"
      ],
      "themes": [
        "Land & livelihoods",
        "Forced labour & debt"
      ],
      "findings": [],
      "repository_note": "Added from the Google Scholar collection (screening row CR-160). Bibliographic details checked against the journal issue on 17 October 2026. Findings, method and sample have not yet been recorded: read the original. The issue is dated Chaitra 2071 BS (2015).",
      "citation": "Lamichhane, P. R. (2015 [BS 2071]). Land tenure and Kamaiya system in Nepal: A historical review. Anusheelan, 7(6), 12–23. https://wms.edigitalnepal.com/wms/files/ws-post-files/1726574692269_3ef24d5b-8a10-4716-b73b-8a2072ede6e6.pdf",
      "original_url": "https://wms.edigitalnepal.com/wms/files/ws-post-files/1726574692269_3ef24d5b-8a10-4716-b73b-8a2072ede6e6.pdf#page=20",
      "metadata_status": "Partial metadata",
      "record_url": "https://unbondedarchive.org/source/SRC-063/"
    }
  ]
}